Foreign Direct Investment Essay

Case Discussion Questions: 1. Why, historically, has the level of FDI in Japan been so low? The relatively low FDI stock in Japan is partly the result of a history of official inhibitions on FDI. In some industries, inward FDI penetration, as measured by the share of employment accounted for by foreign affiliates, in Japan in fact is on par with the United States. However, a large number of â€Å"sanctuaries† with almost no foreign involvement remain, so that FDI penetration overall is still very low. While to some extent, this can be explained by Japan’s relatively isolated geographic location, historical factors play an important role. Throughout the centuries and until quite recently, Japan’s rulers have viewed foreign involvement in the economy as a threat and consequently erected various barriers to FDI. 2. What are the potential benefits to the Japanese economy of greater FDI? The potential benefits to the Japanese economy of greater FDI are the ones listed below: †¢ Faster revenue growth than domestic firms; †¢ Significantly higher profitability and sales margins than domestic firms; †¢ Greater capital investment per employee than domestic firms; †¢ Higher total factor productivity than domestic firms; †¢ Higher spending on research and development per worker than domestic firms; and †¢ Higher average wages than domestic firms. 3. How did the entry of Wal-Mart into the Japanese retail sector benefit that sector? Who lost as a result of Wal-Mart’s entry? It helped restructure Japan’s retail sector- boosting productivity, gaining  market share, and profiting in the process. Wal-Mart implemented its cutting edge information systems, adopted tight inventory control, leveraging its global supply chain to bring low cost goods into Japan, restraining employees to improve customer service, and extending opening hours. It was more difficult than Wal-Mart had hoped. Wal-Mart’s entry prompted local rivals to change their strategies. 4. Why has it been so hard for Wal-Mart to make a profit in Japan? What might the company have done differently? The company’s global marketing strategy has many flaws. Wal-Mart failed to grasp the consumer and retail environment in Japan. With a population of 127 million, the highest per capita income and the second largest economy in the world, Japan is a very attractive market for retailers. Perhaps more research into their cultural values and patterns could have helped avoid some of these mishaps.

Pornography and Sexual Violence Essay

The class is social psychology. Please use proper headings, double spacing, 12 pt font, one-inch margins, page numbering, and logical flow from topic to topic. Citations may be from the Web, texts, books or scientific journals. Magazine and newspaper citations are generally unacceptable. Please be original with your own views. Being with a strong, creative, original thesis clearly stating what you are trying to show.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pornography is a term utilized to depict the various sexual practices and desires to arouse the viewer sexually. It should also be clearly distinguished from the term ‘obscenity’.   Obscenity is frequently utilized legally to suggest pornographic material.   This material may be deemed as illegal if it crosses all the social barriers of decency and is liable for criminal punishment.   Sexual images of women can create a positive influence or a negative influence on man.   Women can be portrayed as objects of sex, pleasure, abuse and violence.   This has resulted in degradation of the status of women in the current world. Feminists throughout the world are objecting at the problems pornography has created for women.   During the early 1980’s, pornography became a huge feminist issue.   The political situation in the West was also changing during that period.   People began to feel the need for greater amount of freedom.   Several of the moral issues such as abortion, reproductive rights, sexuality, etc, began to be questioned.   Abortion began to be accepted giving the women greater amount of control over their body.   Today, women should be pure before the marriage and need to be loyal to their husbands during their married life. Marriage is a relationship in which sex is performed only for reproductive purposes and not for pleasure.   If a woman indulged in sex outside their marriage, it was considered to be a form of prostitution.   Frequently, women are forced into getting them photographed for creating pornographic material.   The pornographic industry throughout the world has turned out into a multibillion-dollar industry (about $ %6 billion), providing material in various forms including movies, internet, books, videos, etc (Malamuth et al, 2005, Utah State University, 2007 & Webb, 2007). Recently, there has been an increase in the number of cases of child abuse throughout the world.   The exact cause for this has not been understood clearly.   A study conducted by Knudsen does not show a direct relationship between sexual violence against children and pornography.   A thorough assessment was created using laboratory findings and case studies of those who had suffered from child sexual abuse.   It was found that child sexual abuse was only affected to a slight and indirect extent by pornography (Knudsen, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Frequently, people associate pornography with erotica.   However, there is a lot of difference between these two aspects.   Erotica is a situation of an intimate relationship between humans such that closeness, communication, intimacy and sexual arousal are felt.   Erotica utilize various symbols for communication and the feeling of interaction.   It could be considered to be one system of language or dialect.   Hence, erotica is usually shared between people belonging to close group, culture, religion, sect, ethnic community, etc. People belonging to other communities, sects, group, etc, would be unable to share and communicate with their partner.   Hence, the erotic appeal may not be present in such circumstances.   Erotica cannot mix with brutality.   To some extent erotica can vary from one taste to another.   Many people use the term erotica in order to demonstrate and applaud pornography.   However, both these terms need to be completely differentiated from one another.   Pornography is the misuse of women and children in the name of erotica. This misuse can be considered in two ways.   Firstly, a woman may be abused and forced into pornography through the erotica.   Besides, many of the female pornography material depict man dominating and abusing women and treating them as mere objects.   I do feel that pornography directly and indirectly creates a situation in which the woman is victimized.   This may further the chances of women getting sexually offended (Utah State University, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of the material available today on the internet and the print media has been generated by threatening women into certain acts that have not been expected.   For example, Linda Marchiano was threatened with a gun to perform several sexual acts in the film Deep Throat.   Today graphic material is available on the Internet of women being tortured, raped and victimized for the sake of sexual arousal.   I do feel that this may not create a sense of erotica but instead encourage violence and crime against women (Utah State University, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pornography has changed the entire concept of masculinity and femininity.   Earlier, these two genders were considered as complimentary to one another.   A woman was basically made to supplement the needs of man.   However, pornography has spoilt this relationship between man and woman.   Indirectly man is victimizing women in the name of pornography.   Men dominate women and children using pornographic material.   Man would try to conquer other sexually, and women would have to submit to the sexual needs of man.   In a husband-wife relationship, the wife would become the weaker party and the husband would become the stronger one. Once this domination is created, every chance exists for the man to abuse and ill-treat the woman.   Today pornography has been closely associated with male supremacy.   As pornography is becoming more and more common in today’s world, it is having a negative influence on the people.   Pornography touches upon male dominance, sexual inequality and sexual subordination.   Hence, people consider and use violence, force and domination as a part of sex.   This helps to spread terrorism and hatred amongst the population.   Today, people are unable to identify the thin line present between pornography and erotica (Utah State University, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pornography may influence the individual to various extents depending on the individual factors, the type of pornographic material, the extent to which the material causes sexual arousal, etc.   Studies have demonstrated that when children and adolescents are exposed to pornographic material, there are chances that these children on becoming adults would have perverted sexual tendencies. They may also perform violent acts in order to gain sexual gratification.   However, some studies have demonstrated that expose of the child or adolescent to a minimal amount of pornographic material during early age would help them to benefit later, as they would be aware of the sexual processes that occur in adults.   However, this area needs to be thoroughly researched further to determine the type of pornographic material and the extent to which they would benefit (Malamuth et al, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The World needs to change its attitude toward pornography.   To some extent individuals possessing certain characteristics may be exposed to a greater extent than others to pornographic material.   A study conducted by Malamuth et al (2005) demonstrated that men, who were exposed to material containing sexuality and violence against women, accepted these attacks secretly.   The acceptance was much greater in men who were exposed to pornographic material than those who were not.   Men who were exposed to media presentations of material, which glorified sexual attacks on women, developed aggressive attitudes towards women (Malamuth et al, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus it can be seen that pornographic material is harmful to the development of cordial relationships throughout the world between man and woman.   The effect of pornographic material varies depending on the culture, region of the world, sect, religion, etc.   Scientists should try to develop a method of determining the direct relationship that exists between pornography and sexual violence against women. The Internet may be a very useful resource for teenagers and students.   However, this resource could also be misused, as activity may be difficult to monitor.   It is high time for the law-enforcement agencies and parents to help control the activity of teenagers and students over the Internet.   The manner in which the child or teenagers utilizes the Internet plays a major role in the development of the personality and behavior later in life (Paul et al, 2005 & Bremer, 2005). References: Bremer, J. (2005). â€Å"The Internet and children: advantages and disadvantages.† Psychiatr Clin N Am, 14(3), 405-428. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g074414vx721x677/ Knudsen, D. D. (2005). â€Å"Child sexual abuse and pornography: Is there a relationship?† Journal of Family Violence, 3(4), 253-267. Malamuth, N., & Huppin, M. (2005). â€Å"Pornography and Teenagers: The Importance of Individual Differences.† Adol Med Clin, 16(2). Paul, B. & Bryant, J. A. (2005). â€Å"Adolescents and the Internet.† Adol Med Clin, 16(2). Utah State University (2007). â€Å"Lesson 10. Pornography, Violence, and the Law.† Retrieved on December 7, 2007, from Utah State University Web site: http://cc.usu.edu/~fath6/Gen5.htm Villani, V. S. (2005). â€Å"Media literacy for clinicians and parents.† Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 14(3), 523-553. Webb, E. (2007). â€Å"Pornography or Censorship-Silence or Choice?† Retrieved on December 7, 2007, from DSP Web site: http://www.dsp.org.au/dsp/porno.htm

Cognitive Approaches in Psychology

In this essay I will outline two approaches in psychology, compare and contrast them as well discussing the nature and nurture debate regarding both approaches. I will be examining a theorist from each approach outlining and evaluating his theory including the positive alltributes along with the negative. Finally I will include a therapy from each theorist and approach. The Behaviourist approach focuses on the concept of explaining behaviour by observation, and the belief that our environment is what causes us to behave differently and suffer illnesses.The Behaviourist approach believes that behaviour is influenced by each and every individuals experiences. This could include their background, social and home living circumstances. Behaviourist psychologists argue that when we are born our mind is ‘tabula rasa’ meaning a blank state and that events taking place in our life time can affect and change the way we behave. Behaviour is the the result of stimulus response, i. e all behaviour no matter how complex can be reduced to a simple stimulus response. All behaviour is learnt from the environment.We learn new behaviour through classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is stimulus- response. If a stimulus that results in a emotional response is repeated along with another stimulus which does not cause an emotional response, then eventually the second stimulus will result in the same emotional response. Classical conditioning is therefore learning by association. Some assumptions are made on the behaviourism approach, for example one assumption made is that there is no mind or body dualism and that everything we do is because of behaviour and not because of the mind.A second assumption would be that discovering a stimuli that causes behaviour associations between stimlulus and response will allow us to predict and control behaviour. They also viewed learning as a change of behaviour due to experience. However some critics object again st the behaviourist view that behaviour is determined by our enviromnets as psychologist Garrett (1996) suggested that ‘†¦ behaviour is now shaped by what goes on inside their heads†¦ and not simply by what goes on in the external environment’ (p. 19) Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour.Through operant conditioning, an association can be made between a certain behaviour and a consequence for that behaviour. For example if a good thing is presented and a certain behaviour is encouraged then the behaviour will increase, this is called positive reinforement. However if the good thing is taken away then the behaviour will decrease. For example is a dog is told to fetch the ball and every time it fetches the ball it gets rewarded with a treat. This would influence the dogs behaviour to always fetch the ball as it will be rewarded.Another key feature of the behaviourist approach is the social learnin g theory. The social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. It says that people can learn by observing the behaviour of others and the outcomes of their behaviour. The cognitive approach deals with metal processes or cognitions. These mental processes include memory, thinking and perceptions. Cognition means â€Å"knowing†.Therefore cognition is the mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired. Cognitive psychology has been influenced by the developments in computer science and comparisons have often been made between how a cumputer works and we process information. The main focus of the cognitive approach is how information received from our senses is processed by the brain and how this processing affect how we behave. Cognitive processes show examples of hypothetical constructs. This means that we can not d irectly analyse processes such as thinking but we can dissect what a person is thinking based on how they act.Cognitive psychologists use laboratory experiments to study behaviour. This is because the cognitive approach is a scientific one. These experiments would involve participants taking part in memory tests in strictly controlled conditions. An assumption made about the cognitive approach is that there exists a circular relationship between learning, meaning and memory. The basis for cognitive theories follows this patern in which what is learned is affected by its meaningfulness, the meaning is determined by what is remebered and the memory is affected by what we learn.The cognitive approach places itself in direct opposition to the behaviourist approach which mostly ignores mental processes. The cognitive approach is internal whereas the behaviourist is external as it focuses on the human environment. The cognitive approach examines behaviour which is directed through the min d rather then the body. It studys the thought processes, memory, language, perception and decision making. Whereas the Behaviourist approach examines our behaviour by our responses to our surroundings and the events taking place around us which may influence us to act in a certain way through imitation.It assumes that we learn things by associating certain events with certain consequences and that we will behave in the way that achieves the most desirable consequences. There are many methods in which the cognitive approach examine. Such as the holistic method which is a view that all aspects of people’s needs such as the psychological, physical and social should be taken into account and seen as a whole. The nature and nurture debate is one of the longest running debates in the area of psychology in which theorists have various different views and opinions.Nurture is the view that everything we learn is through interaction with our surrounding environment, this could include with people, family and mass media. Some assumptions of this approach would be that the nurture theory did not discount that genetics exist but argues that they simply made no difference to how we behave and act. Studies on children temperament showed the most crucial evidence for the nurture theory. Another would be that the nurture argument is most represented by the behaviourist approach as behaviourists believe that all behaviour is the outcome of learning through conditioning.The nature theory focuses on the heredity and specific genes which can determine passing on of traits such as eye colour and skin colour. The nature theory would suggest that even personality, intelligence and aggression is also encoded in our DNA. Some assumptions of this approach would be that behaviour is innate, conditions such a schizophrenia show genetic links and a large amount of research shows that there is a link between hormones and aggression. Behaviourism follows the nurture approach as it stu dies that we learn from our environment, hence making this approach nurturist.It believes that our behaviour is influenced by our surroundings. Watson- the father of behaviourism quoted: ‘Give me a dozen healthy infants and my own specified world to bring them up in and I will garantee to take anyone at random and train him to become any kind of specialist I might select: doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant chef and yes beggar and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tenancies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. ’ Watson is clearly stating that he could change any person from any different social background and race if he could bring them up in his own way.His statement strongly argues the nurture side of the debate. He argued that human behaviour could be conditioned depending on their surroundings. On the other hand the Cognitive approach is an interaction between the two nature and nurture. As much as it focuses on reactions of the senses to the bra in and the mind which make it nature it also has many nurture altributes also. The cognitive psychologist would recognise that experience and the environment also contribute and shape these innate abilities. Piaget’s therory backed this up as he believed that humans use their experiences to construct new understandings.He agreed that both nature and nurture are important, humans move through universal stages due to maturation however the rate they mature in depends on experience. He said that people are, by nature active contributors to their own development. Piaget’s argued that both nature and nurture interact to produce cognitive development. He said that the nature side helps the maturation of the brain and the body, along with the ability to percieve and learn. Whereas the nurture helps with the adaptation of children and how they respond to their enviroment. Bandura was a behaviourist theorist.He believed that there are three sources of models which influenced hu mans behaviour, these included the family, the mass media and the sub-culture. He conducted a number of experiments in which he carried out on children. One of his experiments involved an inflatable Bobo doll, his aim was to investigate the effects of observing aggression in an adult model. The procedure of this experiment was for it to take place in a playroom containing a range of toys. Young children watched an adult attacking a large inflatable Bobo doll by hitting it with a hammer and saying ‘pow’!Once the adult left the playroom, the behaviour of the children was then observed. A control group of children who did not see the adult attack the doll were also observed in the playroom. The results showed that the children who had seen the adult attack the doll also attacked the doll in similar ways. However the children who had not seen the adult attack the doll did not. The conclusion to this was that children learned particular behaviours towards the Bobo doll throu gh observational learning and then copied the behaviour when given a chance.Two years later he conducted a similar experiment however this time it was to observe the effects on modelling by children of seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behaviour. This experiment, like the previous involved a bunch of children watching and adult kick and attack a Bobo doll but this time get rewarded for it. Another set of children watched the same thing however saw the adult get punished for it. The children in the group that saw the model being punished were later offered a reward if they could reproduce the behaviour they had observed.The results showed that the children in the group that saw the model get punished for the attack were less likely to imitate that behaviour. This experiment concluded that observation is enough for behaviour to be learned, however reinforcement is necessary for the behaviour to be modelled. The values of Bandura’s social learning theory were that it e xtended the operant conditioning theory. It focused on the idea of the influence of the social environment in behaviour therefore providing an explanation for cultural and individual differences.It could account for individual differences and allowed for more complex human behaviour. Bandura’s theory had a role to play in personality theory and introduces the idea of vicarious learning. Although the criticisms are that his theories are reductionist, environmental and determinism. Reductionist ways of explaining behaviour often examine one single cause ignoring other explanations. Reductionism attempts to understand and describe the human behaviour in terms of simple components or units. Any explanation of behaviour at its simplest can be described as reductionist.This approach reduces a complex behaviour to a simple set of variables which offer the possibilities of identifying a cause and effect. The reductionist approach is therefor a from of determinism. Determinists believ e that it is possible to predict behaviour by identifying the cause of behaviour. His theories were also criticised as being environmental, meaning that the environment that he uses in his experiments can affect the human behaviour. The use of violence towards a doll in his experiments were not ethical as he only used children.It was also sociably incorrect as it was influencing violence to receive a reward. The biological influences are ignored, lack cohesiveness and still excludes influences such as emotions. Jean piaget was a psychologist who studied the development of children’s understanding and how their minds work. His theory on how the children’s mind works and develops has been hugely influential, specially in educational theory. Piaget was particularly interested in the way in which a child’s mind matures in the different developmental stages and how their maturing increases their capacity to understand their world.His theory was that all infants have the same structures and they all have innate reflexes and schemas. He believed that children cannot undertake certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so. He thought that childrens thinking develop at different stages, and that at certain points the mind would mature into different capabilities such as the first transition taking place at 18 months, then at the age of 7 and 11 or 12. He meant that before these ages children could not have a capable understanding of certain things in certain ways.The stages which took place according to this theory were firstly the sensorimotor stage which takes place between birth and two years. At this stage the child can identify itself and acts as an agent of action purposely banging on pots and pans to make noises to hear the reaction. The child can differentiate self from objects and learns object permanence realising that objects still do exist even if they are not in sight. The second stage is the pre-operational stage . This is the stage in which the child learns to use language and images to identify objects.However their thinking is still egocentric indicating that they cannot see things from another persons point of view. This stage usually takes place from the age of two till seven. The third stage is called the concrete operational stage, this takes place between the ages of seven and eleven. The final stage is called the formal operational stage, at this stage children start to think about the future and ideological problems. The child’s cognitive structure is more like that of an adults and includes conceptual reasoning. His theory was successful in the fact that they used his theory as a basis for scheduling in the school curriculum.His theory has a huge influence on the understanding of cognitive development and it was the first comprehensive theory of children’s cognitive development. His theory also challenged the traditional idea of the child being passive in development , also as his theory was scientifically based this made it come across as more accurate. However his theory has received some criticism, some critics challenged some of his developmental stages such as the sensorimotor stage and the pre-operational stage. Gelman questioned what Piaget viewed about children as young as four not being able to take on another persons point of view.Gelman believed that it was possible for children to do so. Behaviour therapy refers to techniques based on classical conditioning. This therapy consists of using learning principles to change maladaptive behaviour. There are a number of various behaviour therapies including systematic desensitisation. This therapy is a form of counter conditioning using a hierarchy of fear. One example could be to remove a phobia of animals. The patient is taught how to relax so that relaxation and fear cancel each other out, to do this hypnosis or tranquillisers may be used.It is believed that it is impossible for a person to experience two opposite emotions at the same time. The systematic part of the therapy involves a recorded series of contacts with the object of the phobia. Whilst relaxing a least frightening image of the object is introduced to the patient until this can be done without the patient having any feelings of anxiety. Some of the therapies based on classical conditioning are effective, such as the systematic desensitisation therapy. However it is mostly effective only for anxiety disorders and addictions. They are more effective in phobias than in psychotic disorders.An advantage is that the therapies are relatively quick and only take a few months to work as oppose to psychodynamic treatment which can take years. There is also a high success rate, McGrath found that systematic desensistisation to be effective for around 75% of people with phobias. In the case of single sessions success, if conducted in one session it is proved that 90% of patients with phobias made vast improvements and some were even fully recovered. Systematic desennsitisation helped treat one of the most difficult phobias to treat called agoraphobia, this therapy however helped between 60-80% of cases.Critics of these therapies would suggest that many patients with phobias may have no recollection of bad experiences with the object and simply just have a phobia, therefore the therapies would not be effective and solve the problem. Psychodynamic theorists would say this is due to the symptom being a sign that something unconscious is wrong with the patient. Another disadvantage is the unpredictable effects that the therapy can have on the patient such as heart attacks and hyperventilating. The cognitive approach has many therapies to explain and modify behaviour.Cognitive forms of therapy include the Ellis rational therapy, which is now more commonly known as rational emotive behaviour therapy. Ellis came to conclusions about patients negative thoughts and their tendencies to catastrophise s ituations making things seem so much worse then they actually are. This therapy focuses on when irrational thoughts are seen as the main cause of all types of emotional distress and behaviour orders. The aim of this therapy is to exchange the irrational unreasonable with the more positive and realistic beliefs and ways of thinking. Patients are encouraged to ‘look on the bright side’.Ellis identified patients irrational beliefs and ideas which are emotionally self defeating and are mostly associated with psychological problems such as negative thoughts and feelings about ones self. Patients are told to practice certain positive statements like â€Å" I can do† rather then â€Å" I can’t do† to help them create a more positive state of mind. The benefits of using such therapies are that it is a structured therapy with outcomes which are achievable, these methods are becoming more commonly used as they are short term and are cost effective aswell as e conomically effective.This therapy is appealing towards patients who find insight therapies which look deep into their inner emotions and problems seem less threatening and intimidating. Although there are disadvantages of this therapy. It may not uncover the problem completely, however it does almost try to empower patients to help themselves with their issues and feel better. It also may not work well for adults who are not willing to take part and collaborate with the therapist to achieve a new way of thinking. It may also not be successful for those who feel that they can’t achieve self happiness without something or someone else contributing towards it.This therapy is mostly successful for clients suffering from anxiety disorders, stress management and sexual problems. Studies have shown that this therapy is more effective in depression than drugs are and the relapse rate is proved to be lower with cognitive behavioural therapy. This from of therapy has been proved to be more effective then anti depressants. In conclusion, I have included all the points mentioned in the introduction that I said I would include in my essay, I have outlined and evaluated two approaches and discussed two theorists and therapies for each approach.

Valentine's Catholic Mass ritual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Valentine's Catholic Mass ritual - Essay Example Hence, emphasizing the intention of ritual in every denomination or religion meant to pass on message not only to that religion’s adherents but also other people who may intend to have that experience. This is because universal love practically has no bounds especially if expressed from humanity’s point of view. Another connection encompasses asserting the essence of ritual in all religions or denominations leave alone that day’s attached essence. This implies that day in the calendar of a certain religion serves the purpose of togetherness as people observe it dutifully with the intention of enhancing its theme as well as bring people of same like mindedness and spirituality together. The connection between my observations and class’ materials encompasses an already set formula instituted in such a way to ensure it not only occurs at that day but continues even in the time to come. Hence, continuance of a tradition mostly associated with religions evident in the way people usually observe it each year. The essence of this role based on church encompasses arousing love in marriages and troubled relationships. Hence, ensure continuance of love especially in the institution of marriage which according to any religion is a sacred union. Based on my opinion, the day serves as remembrance of those troubled lovers to draw attention to people in any form of relationship, for instance, in a family setting. In terms religion’s doctrine and its connection with people, this particular day serves as a time meant to invoke celestial intervention for lovers through the aid of St. Valentine. This comprises one part of religion’s doctrinal practices whose core role is to draw people together to enjoy having that feeling of connection as well as experiencing celestial communion though on earth. Celestial experience, which in most cases involves spirituality, encompasses invoking the concerned saint to

Politics of development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Politics of development - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of population growth on development, and to show that overpopulation is closely linked to gender politics. Thomas Malthus, a British demographer and political economist, developed a theory of overpopulation warning humanity of the dangers of swelling numbers. In his work, An Essay on the Principle of Population (1999), Malthus argued about the negative effects of population growth. He claimed that the multiplication of humanity over time would lead to disease and famine by making natural resources scarcer, and provisions and remedies more costly. Malthus argued that because of the relative growth of different classes within society (primarily English society) and an increase in poverty, the moral order of society would be tested. Malthus used two overlapping axioms to explain his ideas. He argued that it was easier for populations to grow than for natural resources to support this growth; population, for Malthus, increased in a geometric progression, while resources increased in an arithmetic progression. However, he maintained, there is a strong tendency in society towards population growth. This tendency upsets the balance between the number of people and the amount of food available to feed them. This situation worsens poverty and increased the worries of the poor. As a result development is hindered. The Malthusian model explains, just by simple supply and demand logic, that when population increases, the labor market becomes more competitive. This drives wages down. As the proportion of food per person decreases, the price of food also increases. Therefore, overpopulation hurts both poverty alleviation and overall development of society. There were two solutions to this problem according to Malthus: positive checks and preventive checks. Positive checks were natural and historical speed breakers to population growth and came in the form of war, global pandemics, and famines. These checks had

Human Experimentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Experimentation - Essay Example It includes the historical background, after-effects, and the current status of human medical experimentation. The research entails the pros and cons of this practice along with salient ideas on overcoming or eradicating this kind of torture. Human Medical Experimentation A torturous conduct that thoroughly defied human rights and questioned healthcare norms It is generally stated that human beings of the world have certain rights which cannot be taken away from them, irrespective of situation and circumstances. The nature of these rights may be political or civil liberty; however, the most important right which a human being is entitled to is the right to physical safety and, most significantly, to "life". Human rights basically project the need for human tolerance, acceptance, fairness and mutual respect. The human rights notion exudes morality and justice. Although importance of human rights is emphasized by many organizations and governments around the world, violation of human r ights is a common experience around the world. The participation of human beings in medical experimentation is one such subject, which remains controversial due to human rights abuses. Many developed countries of the world, including the United States, claim to be world leaders in medical research. However, the Western medical development has a hidden dark side which is not acknowledged by many. This unlit side points to the fact that in order to develop medicine and achieve scientific progress, horrific medical experiments were conducted on destitute human beings and their children (Moses, 2007). For the most part, these medical experiments were conducted to gain profit by successfully developing drugs for various diseases and, mostly, these experiments were conducted without the knowledge of the people involved in the experimentation. Many believe that despite today’s so called free and civilized societies prevailing in the West, human experimentation has been taken up on a mass level. According to experts, almost half of the population of the United States is using some kind of drug regularly, and about 20% of children are using antidepressants or amphetamines (Moses, 2007). This paper aims to explore the topic of human medical experimentation with a view to illustrate its history, the dark side which it projects, the benefits that it has provided to human society and current status and opinions of various experts on the subject. Various medical fields such as biology, psychology, anthropology and clinical medicine employ human subject for research purposes. Human medical experimentation exposes living human beings to experiments, which are mostly cruel, painful, deadly and risky. Although Western countries are responsible for astounding medical breakthroughs such as the cure for malaria and other deadly diseases, this success, however, is followed by an immense price paid by the participants of the experiments. Some participants are compensated for their losses in physical and mental health, but most participants have not been compensated at all. Many participants have lost their lives during the process of experimentation, and of course, no compensation can bring back the most precious thing lost: their lives. The history of human medical experimentation in U.S. dates back to 1845, when J. Marion Sims, also known as the father of

Sikhism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sikhism - Research Paper Example Thesis statement: The research on Sikhism proves that its evolution is interconnected with different religious beliefs in India; its doctrinal and philosophical dimensions prove that it is related to universal brotherhood and monotheism, and the acceptance of differences proves that the same exerts positive impact in and outside of this religious belief in general. As pointed out, the origin of this religion is interconnected with the spiritual leader, whose name is Guru Nanak. Besides, the evolution of this religion from an Indian religion to a global religion is indebted to migration, especially from India to different parts of the world. On the other side, Guru Nanak did not limit the growth of this religion within his own teachings. Instead, he started ‘guruship’ or the process of accepting different people as spiritual leaders during different time intervals. J. S. Grewal states that, â€Å"During the last fifteen years of his life Guru Nanak settled down at Kartarpur, a place founded by him then on the right bank of the river Ravi, represented by the present Dera Baba Nanak on the left bank† (39). After Guru Nanak, spiritual leadership was vested upon Guru Angad. The political advancement known as Khalsa, is another example for the evolution of this religion. So, one can see that open mindedness towards change and acc eptance shown towards different religious beliefs is the reason behind the success of this religion. As pointed, Granth Sahib is generally considered as the doctrinal aspect of Sikhism because it contains the basic teachings of important gurus. Within this scenario, the fundamental aspects/ doctrinal dimensions of Sikhism include the teachings of their religious/spiritual leaders. First of all, the concept of ‘Nam’ is symbolic of monotheism because this religion asks the followers to believe in oneness of the God. To be specific, this

Container Shipping and Chinese Stability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Container Shipping and Chinese Stability - Essay Example A positive development and a spread of container-based shipping industry are supported by its ability to provide different countries in-time with required goods. This industry has made China a rapidly industrialised country. Still, there are several uncovered issues in the container-based shipping industry. Currently, China is rapidly developing as the world’s leader on several fronts. The mechanisms of China’s enrichment evoke a vivid discussion among modern experts, researchers and scientists. Figure 1 China in the world maritime economy. This figure shows the Chinese contribution to 6 key areas of world economic and maritime activity. (Stopford 2007, p.2) Container shipping operates out the general society’s sight. That’s why this ‘secret’ industry is interesting for the modern society. ... Nearly 75% of international cargo volume is involved in shipping industry. China is on the upswing and shipping industry in this country is a rapidly developing industry. It is a well-known fact that China is steadily moving to position itself as the world’s greatest power (Stopford 2007) . Consequently, the development of a potential country-world leader and shipping industry, which is responsible for the major part of trade operations in the international market, makes this research relevant to the field of China’s economy. Different aspects of China’s development, social peculiarities, influence of EU regulations on shipping in China makes a context of the study rather complicated. Nevertheless, it is relevant to conduct the research on the basis of available literary sources and empirical data from recent studies. Background of Chinese shipping industry development China is economically fortunate, because of its geographical position and abundant shipping re sources. Nearly 40% of Chinese workers live near coastal regions, the GDP in the country increases 50% and the shipping sector carries out 80% of national import and export activities (Talley 2000). Figure 2 Chinese imports and exports activity steadily increasing (Stopford 2007, p.5) Starting from 1970s, China’s shipping industry has been steadily developing under conditions of continuous development of international trade. International shipping operations are the most relevant operations and well-known on the international arena for China’s business partners. Current perspectives of China’s shipping industry development International cooperation opens impressive perspectives for China.  

ECO203 Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ECO203 Final - Essay Example These would affect the other economic variables which include Aggregate demand, Gross Domestic Product and Employment of a country. The Government would go for an Expansionary Fiscal policy in times of recession in which U.S. Government would spend more than they would collect taxes from the people. That is government spending would exceed taxes. The opposite would happen in case of a Contractionary Fiscal Policy where the government would increase the taxes more than it intends to spend. Now government spending may account for a variety of activities which include roads, education, healthcare, welfare activities and defense. This government spending is financed chiefly by taxation (Blanchard, 2010). There are other alternative ways of funding like printing money, external borrowings from foreign countries etc. The government may also borrow from the public which is called public debt. But this would be done by the government only when on the occasion of a deficit in the government b udget. The U.S. Government utilizes the Fiscal policy in the endeavor to affect the aggregate demand along with full employment. When there is inadequate aggregate demand in the economy, the government would decrease the rate of taxation and increase the expenditures by making use of idle resources. This would lead to increase in the growth rate of the economy and would tend towards full employment by decreasing the rate of unemployment. As a result the output would increase. This kind of government spending has a multiplier effect because when a government starts a new project, along with the output of the project it generates employment for the workers and hence the consumption and savings. However Fiscal Policy might also be constrained by a crowding out effect which would happen if there is a rise in interest rates which would curb investment. However, if the economy is going through a recession then already a lot of resources are unused and hence this would not pose a problem f or the economy explicitly (Froyen, 2005). Monetary Policy The monetary policy is implemented by the Central Bank with a control on the money supply with is undertaken with the help of several methods. This can be controlled mainly by purchase or sell of bonds which increases or decreases the supply of the money in the economy. Now bonds are debt instruments that guarantee the buyer the return of the principal along with an interest or the coupon at some specified date. This rate of interest or the coupon rate is determined by the Central Bank and one of the tools by which the Central Bank controls the supply of money in the economy (Mankiw, 2012). Now, when the bank wants to reduce the money supply of the economy or decrease the liquidity, it would go for a Contractionary Monetary policy wherein it would start increasing the interest rates. As a result, the coupon rates of the bonds would increase which would compel people to park their money with the banks, having less money in the ir hands. This would lead to a reduction in liquidity in the entire economic system. In contrary to this by an Expansionary Monetary policy, the Federal Reserve Bank would decrease th

Principles of Ecotourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Principles of Ecotourism - Essay Example However the influx of such tourists in large numbers itself presents a threat to the ecological balance preserved in such locations. Instances of these locations include national parks, sanctuaries, forest preserves, coastal areas, mountains etc. This paper chooses a particular eco-tourism spot and examines its ecological appeal, efforts made by interested groups -both private and governmental-in preserving such ecological appeal and problems and corrective policies followed to tackle threats to such appeal. Noel Kempff Mercado National Park is spread over an impressive some 1.5 million hectares in northeastern Bolivia. This park is one of the most remote and biologically diverse areas on earth. The park is located so strategically and fortuitously that it harbors multiple eco-systems-a variety of eco-systems which is almost not available anywhere else on the earth. This park has following eco-systems: Amazonian rainforest, gallery forest, semi-deciduous tropical forest, flooded savannah, thorn scrub, cerrado and wetlands. In addition to such a wide variety of eco-preserves, the Noel Kempff Park also covers the Capar plateau, an imposing 85,000-acre Precambrian escarpment emerging quite dramatically from out of the rainforests surrounding it. The plateau is pleasantly greened by lush grasslands and cerrado forests and drained by several perennial rivers on its uneven landscape, which makes for the 10 spell binding and spectacular waterfalls.(The Nature-a,2006) Perhaps due to this strategic and unique biogeographic location, the Noel Kempff Park is reckoned to house the richest store of biological diversity on earth, much of which has largely become lost to the world from other, more accessible, parts of the Amazon, for instance. Noel Kempff park is home to an impressive 630 species of birds (nearly a quarter of all known bird species in the Neotropics), 70 species of reptiles and 130 species of mammals including the freshwater river dolphins, the giant otter and the rare species maned wolf. (The Nature-a, 2006) The Park management in Conservation Milieu Due to the rich biodiversity offered in this large landscape the national park has become hot eco-tourism spots not only for the specialized and naturalist visitors but also for general interest tourist. The arrival of global tourists has stirred the local population into tourism related activities and an uncontrolled spread of these may work ultimately to threaten the bio-diversity of the region. Careful planning and organization of the ecotourism was required so that the park is not able to preserve its biodiversity but also encourage tourism and gather funds which can then be deployed in furthering more preservation initiatives. Bolivian government has entrusted the management of the Noel Kempff Park to a private non-profit organization called Fundacin Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN) .FAN has taken quite a number of initiatives for visitors management. In this initiative it has been recognized by FAN and Bolivian government that the future of national parks and other protected area s depends on their ability

Sukarno, President of Indonesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sukarno, President of Indonesia - Essay Example Deborah Rhode wrote an entire book studying the growing discussion about what global moral values there might be without coming to any actual conclusions (2006). However, there is a consistent need for a moral leader to be interested in providing the greatest good to the largest number of people, taking on a utilitarian approach to leadership. How that might be accomplished is a matter of individual values, beliefs, and political/social/economic climate. Taking a closer look at a leader such as Sukarno of Indonesia may help us to understand more about how individual values and beliefs can combine or collide with the climate to create the moral leader. Sukarno was born in 1901 to an aristocratic family and was given the best of educations, starting at boarding schools by the time he was 11 years old. When he graduated high school, he married the daughter of the man who owned his boarding house and then moved on to college. By the time he graduated college, he had divorced his first wi fe and married the ex-wife of his new boarding house's owner (Adams, 1965). He reportedly was very creative and had a photographic memory, which made it easier for him to become fluent in a number of different languages (Ludwig, 2004). After he finished his schooling, Sukarno went on to divorce and marry another woman and to start his own architectural company with a partner. His designs were shaped by his politics and vice versa. According to Rudolf Mrazek (2002), Sukarno was a very modern leader and believed the future would be blind to race, would be neat and Western in style, and would be anti-imperialist. While in high school, he had been influenced by Tjokroaminoto's nationalist ideas, but he also studied Western, communist, and Islamic political philosophy while he was in college (Adams, 1965). He eventually developed his own style of leadership which he called Marhaenism, based on concepts of socialist self-sufficiency. He was also irritated with the mostly Dutch-dominated s ocial clubs he encountered at college and organized his own study clubs for Indonesian students. By the time he was 26 and graduated, Sukarno and his friends created a pro-independence party called the PNI (Adams, 1965) or the Indonesian National Party. As the party leader, Sukarno played a major role in establishing the party platform which advocated Indonesian independence and fought against imperialism and capitalism because these systems did not add value to the lives of the Indonesian people. In keeping with Sukarno's modern beliefs, the party also advocated a secular system of leadership that ensured unity among the various different races of the region. The party was very quickly populated by members from the university who wished to gain greater freedoms and opportunities which had not been available under the Dutch colonial occupation (Adams, 1965). Within three years, it had gained more than 10,000 members, forcing the government to react. They arrested Sukarno and seven o f other party leaders and put them on trial for threatening the public order. Sukarno received four years of jail sentence and the party subsequently dissolved (Ricklefs, 1982). Looking at this party and Sukarno's historic defense speech on the day of his trial helps to reveal some of the values that Sukarno stood for at his most idealistic phase and illustrates the kind of moral leader he was. When Sukarno was arrested for his involvement with the PNI, he was permitted to deliver a speech in his defense. This speech has since

English Language Learners Essay Example for Free

English Language Learners Essay English Language Learners (ELLS) are usually foreigners who composed the minority students of the country. Even if they are not native citizens of the United States there needs and rights should be properly respected and protected especially in terms of the process of their learning of the English language. The succeeding paragraphs will discuss some cases that affect the rights of these ELLs. The cases of Lau v. Nichols (1974) and Plyler v. Doe (1982) have substantial improved the education of ELLs. The unanimous decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Lau v. Nichols orders that all students should have an equal access not only to facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum but also in learning the English language. The court believes that difficulty in comprehending the English language deprives the student of meaningful education. Moreover, the case of Plyler v. Doe opens the doors for immigrants to enroll their students in public schools. This gives immigrant children the right for free public education regardless of whether their parents are documented or not (Legal Responsibilities of Education Agencies Serving Language Minority Students). Other judicial rulings like in the case of Serna v. Portales (New Mexico, 1974), Cintron v. Bretwood (New York, 1978), and Castaneda v. Pickard (Texas, 1981) have also contributed in enhancing the rights of ELLs as well as in addressing their needs. These are clearly shown by the bilingual and bicultural instruction programs that were implemented after the court found out that Spanish students are discriminated in the Serna v. Portales case. Equal treatment among ELLs are also further emphasize by the remaining two cases wherein it made sure that the bilingual programs would uphold both languages rather than subordinating the other one. Lastly, the Castaneda v. Pickard case has a very important role in the enhancement of the right of ELLs because it served as a basis in assuring a school’s compliance with the Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974 (Legal Responsibilities of Education Agencies Serving Language Minority Students). In all these, it is seen that judicial rulings are indeed important because there interpretation of the law had been a way in order to improve the situation of ELLs in their learning process. Work Cited â€Å"Legal Responsibilities of Education Agencies Serving Language Minority Students†. 1995. 28 August 2008 http://www. maec. org/legal. html.

Export Potential Of Thai Canned Tuna To Japan

Export Potential Of Thai Canned Tuna To Japan Chapter I: Introduction Canned sea foods industry is a value-added industry for both domestic and imported raw products before export to foreign countries. It has been one of Thais exported agricultural industries which grown in value continuously. Canned tuna industry is the most important canned sea foods in Thailand. It has a value of 84 percent of the total canned sea foods export value in 2008. Thailand has been the worlds largest exporter of canned tuna for the last ten years, represents about 40 percent of worlds canned tuna export amount (EXIM Bank, 2009). Japan has been one of the major markets of Thai canned tuna export for very long period of times. Japans rate of import has been increasing almost every year. It imported 1.6 million cartons in 1991 and increased to about 2.6 million cartons in 1995 which Thailand was the number one exporter. Thailand held the market shares of 53.4 percent in 1991, increased to the highest of 71.8 percent in1994, and decreased to 53.43 percent in 1995 (Boonmasu, 1998). More recently, Thailand still held most of the Japan canned tuna market shares (50.9 percent) in 2008, fallowed by Indonesia (23.2 percent) and Philippines (16.7 percent) (Global Trade, 2008). However, nowadays Thailand is facing the problems of quantity and price uncertainty including import tax in exportation of canned tuna to Japan. In the last quarter of 2008 (October December) the export of canned tuna from Thailand experienced a negative trend as a result of the economic crisis. Except for the USA, exports to other major markets showed sharp decline during this period including Japan which decreases about 7.8 percent (Josupeit, 2009). Even though Thailand is the worlds largest canned tuna exporter, amount of tuna in Thai water area alone is not enough for the canned tuna industry so Thailand has to import raw material (tuna) from other countries for up to 70 percent of the total tuna input, this results as the high cost of production because about 73 percent of canned tuna production cost come from chilled or frozen tuna (Jintatam, 1997) Indonesia and Philippines are the major competitors that have some advantages over Thailand. These two countries have abundance of tuna resource and low labor cost which give them the advantage of lower cost of production. However, their production forces are still far off Thais total canned tuna production. International trade agreements like the Japan-Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement (JTEPA) and the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (AJCEP) are the major factors affecting import tax of canned tuna in Japan that needed to be studied. Japan has decreased import tax for Thai canned tuna from 4.3 percent to 3.2 percent in 2009 and will decrease to 0 percent in 2012 under JTEPA. However, Thailand still has to import raw material (tuna) from other countries and JTEPA only affects tuna that been caught from Thais boat or IOTC (Indian Ocean Tuna Commission) members, so Thailand cannot get full advantage from the agreement. It is expected that AJCEP agreement will increase advantage of Thai canned tuna export to Japan after its enforcement in 2009. From the above reasons, it is important to study Japans canned tuna market nature, market share, comparative advantage of Thailand, and related trade agreements to make a decision of expansion the export of Thais canned tuna market to Japan in the future. Objectives To study market nature, change of growth rate and market shares, and competitiveness of Thai canned tuna in Japan. To study effects of international trade agreements; JTEPA and AJCEP to Thai canned tuna export to Japan. To analyze relationships between frozen tuna prices and amount of Thai canned tuna export to Japan. Contribution/Benefits This study provides knowledge of canned tuna market in Japan including growth rate and changes of market share to know potential and competitiveness of Thai exports. And also provides knowledge of factors effecting export value change to find errors which could be used by exporters and other researchers for further study. Methodology and Variables The study gathers related secondary data from previous researches, journals and thesis, including statistics from both the government and public sectors e.g. EXIM bank, Department of Export Promotion, Department of Business Economics, Department of Fisheries, and Food and Agriculture Organization (FOA). Descriptive Analysis will be used to describe nature of canned tuna market export from Thailand to Japan, effects of JTEPA and AJCEP on canned tuna export, growth rate and market shares of Thai canned tuna export to Japan, and SWOT analysis, to see competitiveness between Thailand and its major competitors; Indonesia and Philippines, by using statistic data in the form of chart, percentage, and table to support the description. Grangers Causality Test is used to examine relationship of frozen tuna price and amount of Thai canned tuna exports to Japan. If past X contains useful information (in addition to the information in past Y) to predict future Y, so X granger causes Y. Z fails to Granger-causes Y if: MSE[E(xt|It-1)] = MSE[E(xt|Jt-1)] Here It-1 contains past information on Y and Z while Jt-1 contains past information on Y only. Regression: xt=c+ÃŽÂ ±xt-1+ÃŽÂ ²yt-1+ut Test H0: ÃŽÂ ²=0 Chapter II: Literature Review Several published literatures had examined export potential of Thai canned tuna to foreign markets such as the study of Charoenkhwan (2003) which studied on the general condition of canned tuna marketing in U.S.A., market share of Thai canned tuna in U.S.A. and factors that impact on demand for input of U.S.A. to Thai canned tuna. The result of studying general condition indicated that Thailand was the first ranking of the world in canned tuna industry. They also analyzed on changing of export value of canned tuna by using Constant Market Share model (CMS) indicated that Albacore, Yellow fin and the other tuna of Thailand had exports average growth more than U.S.A. trade effect. For an analysis on factors that impact on demand for input of U.S.A. to Thai canned tuna was dependent on import price in Thai canned tuna adjusting by consumer price index of U.S.A. Boonmasu (1998) aimed to study the nature, together with the problem and the obstacles of the production and export, including the study of market competitive advantage of Thai canned tuna product by comparing among the majors competitors within this region; Philippines and Indonesia. Her study emphasized on important export markets; the USA, EU, Japan and the world markets. Quantitative analysis, descriptive analysis and revealed comparative advantage (RCA) are the major tools she used to analyze the gathered secondary data during 1991-1995. The outcome of the study shows that Thailand has to import the frozen tuna around 70 percent of the volume needed for production. The analysis of the main export markets of Thailand has found that the product is more competitive comparing to the other competitors. However, such competitive ability and advantage seem to be lessened consistently. Study of Kijboonchoo and Kalayanakupt (2003) attempted to measure the comparative advantage and competitive strength of Thailand in exporting canned tuna to the world market between 1982 and 1998. They also used revealed comparative advantage (RCA) as the major tool. Their study shows that Thailand was the largest exporter of canned tuna in the world market between 1982 and 1998. Thailands comparative advantage has been decreasing in all the studied periods. Also market shares in terms of export volume and value have fallen significantly in the studied periods. Kaewchuey (2007) studied production and marketing of palm fruit and crude palm oil in Thailand, and analyzed palm oil price relationship between different market levels. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and the Ganger Causality Test were employed to examine the horizontal and vertical price relationships of palm oil. The results showed that all price series used in this study were integrated of order I. Therefore, the Cointegration Test was applied to test for long term price relationships between the markets. The results indicated that there were long term relationships between international prices of crude palm oil and wholesale prices, and between wholesale prices and palm fruit prices in local markets. The result from the Grangers Causality Tests revealed that vertical price relationships existed. International prices of crude palm oil Granger-caused wholesale prices, which, in turn, Granger-caused palm fruit prices in local markets. The results implied that the price of palm oil at a higher market level could influence the price at a lower market level. Chapter III: Japan Canned Tuna Market Market Characteristics Growth Rate and Market Shares Table 3.1: Market shares of canned tuna in major market countries in the year 2008 (Unit: percents) USA Australia Japan Thailand 46.4 96.2 50.9 Indonesia 6.2 1 23.2 Philippines 12.5 0.7 16.7 Others 34.9 2.1 9.2 Total 100 100 100 Source: Global Trade, 2008 Table 3.2: Thailands frozen tuna imports 2007-2008 (separated by species) (Unit: Q in 1,000 tons, V in billion Baht) Species 2007 Q 2007 V 2008 Q 2008 V % change Q % change V Skipjack 403.1 16,169.7 498.9 28,202.9 23.8 74.4 Yellow Fin 84 4,477.4 82.2 5,356.5 -2.1 19.6 Albacore 32.2 2,019.4 24.2 1,928.4 -24.8 -4.5 Big Eye 2.8 113.2 4.2 221.1 50 -95.3 Others 0.8 18.9 0.1 7.2 16.6 -61.9 Total 522.9 22,789.6 609.6 35,716.1 Source: INFOFISH Chapter IV: International Trade Agreements JTEPA AJCEP Chapter V: SWOT Analysis Strength Weakness Opportunity Threats Chapter VI: Grangers Causality Test If past X contains useful information (in addition to the information in past Y) to predict future Y, we say X granger causes Y. Note that Grangers causality test may or may not indicate causal effect of x on y (could you think of some examples?) Z fails to Granger-causes y if: MSE[E(xt|It-1)] = MSE[E(xt|Jt-1)] Here It-1 contains past information on Y and Z while Jt-1 contains past information on Y only. Regression: xt=c+ÃŽÂ ±xt-1+ÃŽÂ ²yt-1+ut Test H0: ÃŽÂ ²=0 Chapter VII: Conclusion and Discussion Kijboonchoo and Kalayanakupt (2003) had made suggestions of six possible ways to solve the Thais canned tuna problems and obstacles that should be done by both government and private sector; the problem of the lack of domestic raw materials should be eliminated or reduced, production plants and procedure should be upgraded, Thai producers and exporters should build up their own brands and trademarks, Producers and exporters should adjust their plants, products and production procedures to meet the importing countries standards and regulations, the related government unit should provide more information to the Thai producers and exporters, and they should have the web site in order to provide their information to customers.

Essay --

INTRO: state the q; motivate it; history facts A number of EU members have implemented environmental tax reforms (ETRs) which are defined as a reform of the national tax system that shift the tax burden from taxation of labor to taxation of carbon-energy, and the reforms were first introduced in Scandinavian countries since 1990 and then applied in other European countries, such as, Germany and Britain (PTAK, 2010; COMETR, 2007). This project summarizes an assessment of the German ETR and its effect on technological innovation by trying to answer the research question: Did the German ETR increase technological innovation? The question is motivated by general environmental considerations, for instance, slowing down the global warming by reducing energy consumptions and carbon emissions. My paper’s aim is to assess the effect of the German ERTs on technology innovation level specifically, and this is motivated by the following relevant facts. The German ETR was launched in April 1999, and it has been adopted in Germany for m ore than ten years; thus, there are plenty of available data for us to assess the impacts of this ETR regarding to German government’s motivations. This ETR was proposed because the German government wanted to increase technology innovation, to create additional jobs, and to decrease energy consumption (Agnolucci, 2009; Beuermann and Santarius, 2006). Moreover, it is important for us to assess the impacts of ETRs from different angles, for example, the level of technology innovation, rather than assessing the impacts on the level of energy consumption and employment that abundant papers have discussed. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a literature review of the related literature ... ...atively; hence, it can be concluded that the ETR in Germany had a positive impact on reducing energy consumption, and the effect on employment is overall small and can be positive (Agnolucci, 2009)†¦..however†¦. Moreover, Agnolucci applied an econometric approach to assess the effect of the environmental tax reforms introduced in Germany and the UK, especially their effects on energy consumptions and employment level†¦. In this paper, the author modelled his data by sorting them into the following various economics subsectors: Textiles and leather (TXT); Pulp, paper and printing (PPP); Rubber and plastics (RP); Non-metallic minerals (NMM); Machinery (MAC); Electrical and optical equipment (ELE); Wholesale and retail trade (TRA) which covered almost the whole spectrum of manufacturing activity. Therefore, I am able to use these subsectors later in my solving process.

Human Resources Development Strategies Essay -- Human Resources

This paper describes how to implement HR Strategies which are being formulated and planned for human resource of a company. Human resource is the most valuable part of the organization. It plays a crucial role in enhancing the productivity of the organization. Plans are prepared, but the implementation is the most important part. This paper gives guidelines of implementing various processes in Human resource. Guidelines for implementation of strategy related to Human Resource Development: People: It is important for people in the organization to have work life balance in order to lead a happy life, so the foremost work is to implement the actions for work life balance. Action that should be taken is to conduct a pressure profile audit; compliance audit to see working time pressure on employees. After completion of the audit, results must be evaluated and identify the need for Flexible Roster options. The action should be conducted by the committee whose head must be the Head of the Employment Practice (Human Resources Strategy: implementation plan, 2004). It is necessary to attract local members and youth to the organization for which the Student Support Officer within Human Resources and Young Promotion working group can come together to form a working committee to prepare promotional materials such as Choose a career which provide safety and growth folders. On-site visits can be conducted for students to introduce professional and technical jobs so that they can be attracted to work in the organization. Partnership with various schools and colleges can be established and training can be provided to those who are willing to join the organization. The organization can maintain an on-line database for summer student hire... ...e taken to overcome the delays. Hope the assistance provided by me is sufficient to address the queries. It will surely help you better understand the topic discussed and enhance your knowledge. I am also including the references, from where I found the content. At the end, I wish you happy learning. Sources Cited Human Resources Strategy: implementation plan. (2004). Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.nhs24.com/content/mediaassets/board/2004-09-29%20Item%202.3%20HR%20Strategy%20App%202%20Imp%20Plan.pdf Implementation plan. (2004-09). Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.hlthss.gov.nt.ca/pdf/reports/human_resources/2005/english/five_year_comprehensive_human_resource_implementation_plan.pdf Report on the Implementation of the New Human Resources Strategy. (2006). Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.adb.org/adf/HRS-Paper-ADF-IX.pdf

The Wife of Bath :: Essays Papers

The Wife of Bath In the "Wife of Bath's Prologue," she tells the other pilgrims that she has much experience since she has been married five times. She believes in experience rather than in writing. We can see this in the quotation: "Who painted the leon, tel me who? By God, if wommen hadden writen stories, As clerks han within hir oratories, They wolde had writen of men more wikkednesse Than al th merk of Adam may redresse." [Norton, 132] She is very upset about the painting of a man killing a lion. Her fifth husband always reads his book about wicked wives, and he amuses himself by telling her the stories; however, she doesn't like this. She is beautiful, powerful, energetic and relies on her experience, not on any writings or paintings. To highlight her strong and powerful appearance, she wears characteristic clothes. She puts strikingly big kerchiefs on her head, which seem to weigh about ten pounds, and she wears scarlet red stockings. She also wears a hat, and it is as broad as a buckler. Garters hold her red stockings, and her shoes are soft and new. There is a pair of sharpened spurs on her feet. This probably tells us that she has had many experiences with all husbands in her life. She wears a long wide skirt. Her face is as bold as her character is, fair complexioned, and red. On the journey, she walks slowly and sits down easily. Overall, she has been respectable throughout her life. Chaucer also describes her as being deaf in one ear with a gap tooth. It was very rare for a woman in the fourteenth century to travel as a pilgrim, talk about her experiences and thoughts in public and to be married five times. The Wife of Bath is an independent and powerful woman. She strongly believes in herself and in experience rather than in written authority, which are the texts written by men. She feels this way more after she marries her fifth husband. Her fifth husband always reads a book about wicked wives. He wants to control her; however, she doesn't like it. Therefore she takes a page out of his book that he always reads since the book affects him badly; then he hits her when he finds out about her disrespectful behavior. This is the reason for her deafness. She strongly believes she or women can write much better than men do.

A Teenager Today Essay

Advantages you might have with being a teenager is that you get your freedom. When you turn sixteen you get your drivers license which could always mean one thing, MORE FREEDOM! What I like about being a teen is the fact that you start high school and you may be the top dog according to elementary school and middle school kids. When becoming a freshman an already being in high school is that there are many clubs, groups, and sports that the regular and physically fit, student body can be apart of. When in high school you could do dance, cheerleading, baseball, ect., clubs, and maybe even JROTC which involves being physically fit to partake in this course. Also the four academic courses that you get a another chance at becoming a better student in knowledge as well as the fine arts credits that you can choose from in the registration form for high school that you get when becoming a freshman. The disadvantages of becoming a teen is the puberty stage of life. Hitting puberty means your body is changing to make you a better looking and acting teen. the other disadvantages that teens may come in contact with is the wrong group that may lead you into doing things that aren’t right. With being in the wrong group can lead to unwanted casualties that are easier to take on when you are a full adult. Being a teen sometimes leads to peer pressure when you are in a bad situation that can be avoided. Some disadvantages to becoming a teen may be driving without the right precautions in mind. Advice to other teens about becoming a teen are that you find the right group or clique to be with for your teenage years. You need to be careful with what you do because if you have parents that are over protective or just really care about your safety, make sure you don’t do anything that might get you into trouble. You need to make sure that if you are being pressured with anything just walk away or tell an adult about what is going on.Don’t go to parties and drink so much that you end up drinking and driving. If you are driving under the influence make sure that you call your parents to come get you even though you might be scared of the outcome. You also need to keep in mind that you may be pressured into trying things that are illegal, so make sure that you also say no to drugs. Things you should say no to drugs, drinking, drinking and driving, sex, pregnancy, and any other unwanted casualties that teens are not ready to handle, even though you think you might be able to , say no!’

Causation and Correlation Essay

designer and Correlation write up The topic I am sacking to resolve is Wealthy lot ar thin. This could go both slipway I am commending. Wealthy battalion discombobulate the means to uphold thin. They mother money, resources, and the means to keep there health in check. If youre poor or not sozzled you basically collect to eat or cook what ever so is cheap and some healthy foods are not cheap.For these reasons I think the correlation for this topic could be a not gravid(predicate) one or a bad one, it just depends on what your economic position is and what you can or cant afford. I think if I had to pick one or the other egress of causation and correlation I think this topic is much causation. The reasoning for my endurance is that if you are blotto you have more options to stay thin. So for this being wealthy can sweat one to stay thin. other reason why wealthy people are more subject to stay thin over less(prenominal) wealthier people is because like I hav e mentioned food is expensive and the foods they might admit to get you might have to trigger off or go to special stores. Another way this is causation is because wealthy people can also afford personal trainers or even a middle school membership along with weight sack doctors to stay on track. For all these reasons they cause wealthier people to stay thin. Reference Causation and Correlation in this weeks materials.

Globalization of Chocolate Lovers, Cakes and Pastries Essay

Globalization of both the economy and the society has confronted the valet de chambre oer the past decade. A shift of focalisation and interest from the local grocery store to the international panorama has demanded innovation non just in merged leadership as new information forms of colloquy and technology argon being offered to be utilized in encouraging and reinforcing interaction among idiosyncratics. Fewer hand barriers and unprecedented technological advances concur accelerated the dance step of world(prenominal)ization.The advances in confabulation technology make it easier to visualise the international commercialise through the efficient foodstuffing and advertizement strategies that a number of international barter presidencys invest in by utilizing the renovations provided by the Worldwide Web. Electronic data communication (EDC) facilitates the supplant of data at tremendous speeds it sorts and integrates data with new(prenominal) information av ailable to the recipients ( affaires, banks, capital marketplaces) from some(a) other sources. individualistic countries and trading and currency blocs alike view the fast-moving e- trading sphere of influence as having a direct impact on the countries and blocs battle in the global market. Increased market competition identifies continuous adjustment and improvement in the pass onion lines of countries to recognize the affaire of sm entirelyer tune units. The free flow of goods and run, the establishment of functioning spate blocs like the European Union, much favorable regulations for irrelevant direct investment, and e-commerce be now major f run downures of the global market.The introduction of the new division of international patience calls for evaluation and reorganization of the business operations as closely as a reassessment of the accepted technological practices. The java Lovers, Cakes and Pastries Indus soften in FRANCE Royle and Towers (2002) line of d escent that the Chocolate Lovers, Cakes and Pastries industry has now extended throughout the world, expanding in FRANCE and other European countries, bakeshops are ofttimes considered as a characteristic of the new global culture.These bakeshops are illustrated as informal, pass uniform profit to everyone regardless of social status and focuses on big(p) quick-service to its customers. The industry grew out of a cultural doctrine that greatly determine friendliness more than propriety, elementalally more than traditions of gracious living and democratic consensus over status-based divisions. Firms within the Chocolate Lovers, Cakes and Pastries industry fall into the kinfolk of a private-enterprise(a) market structure.According to Lipset (1991), the hawkishness of a market refers to the extent to which individual firms befuddle the control or power to influence market prices or the terms on which their fruits are exchange. It mustiness be noted that the less power an individual firm has to influence the market in which it sells its products, the more competitive the market is (Lipset, 1991).In the recent years, the integrating of strategic planning and functional market has been mayhap the most relevant development in the region of marketing management as marketing managers have all the more realized that tactical marketing decisions must be made within a wider strategic framework. Marketing Mix (4Ps) Product Products that Cakes and Cookies are offering can be improved and expanded. For exemplification they can add more cakes that suit the judgement and demand of their consumers in FRANCE.Cakes and Cookies should not limit their products harmonize to the old time customers in the U. S. Placement Decisions involving the federal agency/distribution are alike crucial in meeting the needs of the bearing market. There are many factors to consider such as the resource of location where the product allow be sold to the consumers, and the v arious deal distribution required to recreate the product in the sharpen market.Elements of distribution highroad include the packaging, storage facilities, transportation, and the members of the channel itself. Cakes and Cookies should make their customized packages and boxes for their Chocolate Lovers, Cakes and Pastries and this should be appropriate agree to the taste of the FRANCE consumers. It is forever and a day relevant to read a channel material body that is suitable for the target market needs. PriceAmong other factors considered in pricing are the needs of the market, the cost involved, the effect on margins and the value offered at a minimum for the consumer without the price cut hitting the telephoner image. It is not surprising in that locationfore, that Cakes and Cookies entry price dodge became a model in starting business in the area. Finally, it is interesting to note that in FRANCE have consistently agreed with Chocolate Lovers, Cakes and Pastries prici ng dodging for many years. This shows that consumers give their devotion as coarse as the price is right and fair.Promotions Today, personal selling, sales promotions, in the forms of souvenirs, and point-of-purchase displays (POP), nationality through non-paid creation of the product to the target market (feature articles and special news coverage), and public relations (established link with the s chooseholders) were utilized by Cakes and Cookies Similarly, TV and radio announce are most-valuable take to promote Cakes and Cookies Usually, effective television and radio advertizing involves a good opening punch line, takeation of the competitors product (brand must not be mentioned) and its weakness, testimony of experts or renowned personalities/authorities, and in some cases, use of famous movie actors and actress also helps. Further, the existence of Internet and the continued revolution in the world of Information Technology are surely positive signs for the blossom ing of many new advertising opportunities. For instance, pop-up ads and email ads have started to invade the Internet. Most advertising firms have also started to exert efforts to make their advertisements appealing to the public (Chow and Holden, 1997). Segment, Target and Positioning of the ProductOf all the components of a marketing plan, perhaps the most unmarked but most critical element is the commentary of the target market. According to Lovelock and Young (2000), it is a self-colored group of people or organizations that a lodge wishes to appeal to. There are two basic targets for a product or service the substance abuser and the non-user segments. Thus, there are also two business and marketing decisions that the familiarity must decide upon in light of the basic targets. The first is to cultivate the present market alone while the second is to go after non-users. The former can inspire consumer loyalty which is an important factor in the survival of any business.In t he case of Cakes and Cookies, they should categorize their target market into two market segments (1) the Cakes and Cookies patrons or those who have already tried the product, and (2) the Cakes and Cookies non-consumers. The Cakes and Cookies consumers further classified into (a) males and (b) females in nightclub to differentiate the market appeal and competitiveness of the offered products in terms of sex as intumesce as the specific consumers for specific types of Chocolate Lovers, Cakes and Pastries. in set up to determine the competitiveness of each product per se. the Cakes and Cookies non- consumers, on the other hand, are further grouped into (a) those who do not eat Chocolate Lovers, Cakes and Pastries in general, and (b) those who eat other Chocolate Lovers, Cakes and Pastries.These market segmentation schemes according to product use volition provide important information regarding the overall competitiveness of Cakes and Cookies products as well as viability and opp ortunities for encouraging sweeteners non-users to not just try any other average sweeteners but to choose Cakes and Cookies products among others. Moreover, companies now face the challenge of do its target consumers respond accordingly to their marketing efforts and those who understand its consumers responses impart have a great competitive wages (Kotler & Armstrong, 2001). In this light, Chocolate Lovers, Cakes and Pastries should keep in wit the differences that are distinct between and among other bakeshops target market based on different cultural gagegrounds which significantly affect the effectiveness of the campaign.The fact is, there may be ideas that will not be applicable across the diverse target market population. Studies on the relationship of consumer behavior and their personal values and cultural orientation as well as their beliefs on trustworthy principles, the dispositions they hold and side they take on political, gender and social problems and issues wi ll be likewise duly accounted. Positioning The changing world has then placed much emphasis on the importance of communication for effective marketing. All types of communication are involved in marketing communication theory, including literature, training, advertising, mail, telephone, product promotions and other contact relevant to marketing communication.Among the channel members, even follow-up on complaints as well as customer billing may be included within the communication loop. In show to effectively serve the marketing channel, correct time and accuracy in communications is essential. Moreover, it is important for the company to recognize that all members of the channel have an debt instrument or important role in maintaining the talent of marketing communications. Organizations that capitalize on customers active participation in organizational activities can gain competitive advantage through greater sales volume, heighten operating efficiencies, positive word-of- mouth publicity, reduced marketing expenses, and enhanced customer loyalty (Lovelock & Young, 1979).Channel communications works in a two-way outline wherein information transfers to the user and bounces all the way back to the producer (Goldberg & McCalley, 1992). In other words, marketing communications works like a feedback system, which allows company producers to pass information to the customers. In response to the provided information, consumers give certain reactions or behaviors. In this light, the electronic transformation of the services offered by Chocolate Lovers, Cakes and Pastries will essence to give way and more efficient and effective customer service system to the clientele. Moreover, the functionality of the online portal for the marketing and advertising needs of the agency will most possibly result to increase customer reach, satisfaction level and return of investment.Furthermore, if consumers somehow become better customers that is, more knowledgeable, p articipative, or productive the quality of the service experience will likely be enhanced for the customer and the organization (Bowers, Martin & Luker, 1990). Finally, some of the ways that companies acquired cost advantages are by improving process efficiencies, gaining unique access to a large source of lower cost materials, making optimal outsourcing and vertical integration decisions, or avoiding some cost altogether. If competing firms are unable to lower their costs by a similar amount, the firm will be able to sustain a competitive advantage based on cost leadership.

Both Stories Bestow Us Characters Essay

2 characters be our reason as they argon solely told affect by correct singularity. The title, The stolen political troupe itself points the terminal of the business relationship and builds up tautness. Rosaura in The Stolen c any(a)er is unnatural by her scarcely non clear-sighted the tin fecesdor that she would be unnatural by her pass to the party, disregardless of her stupefy play come forward her the back toothdor and consequences of her divergence to the party.Although in the first signal her incoming the party, Rosaura gives her knell a lithe slash This emphasizes her slap-up self-reliance in entering the party, as Rosaura assumes e realthing will be lovely. During the party everything appears to be very sound to her eyes, as she thinks all the downhearted miniscule tasks, Hotdogs, orange tree juice and The raw of the birthday streak stipulation to Rosaura by Senora Ines, which encouragement her confidence, sen timent she is trustworthy and imprint kindred a naughty variety soulfulness although the earthly concern is that she is existence utilize. forwards the climax, Rosauras buzz off is highly worried as they two murder the Climax, which is when they march Senora Ines. When Senora Ines reaches forbidden for the bill, this builds up purge much than tension causing, and whence when she gives out the bill, rest quiet This is the coda orgasm of munificence and at at the same time the supreme unselfishness tangle by referees. towards Rosaura in The Stolen companionship.In The martyrize The proficiency that contrasts from The stolen fellowship is satire, which argon exercised by the ignorance of two characters Mrs. Smiles and Mrs. Hill. some otherwise(a) techniques that diverge from The Stolen companionship are use of italics, alter columns, communication and parenthesis. Although in that location is a high rest in where the paper takes place in The martyrise which is during the time of colonialism in Africa where injury comes from all the colonialists.This can be proved by how Mrs. Hills and Mrs. Smiles confabulate , comment and judge the local anaesthetic Kenyan mountain, This causes the proof proofreader to palpate intellect for non lone(prenominal) Njoroge barely all the Kenyan people in general.The semblance in techniques in The Stolen company and The martyrise are the titles which some(prenominal) foreshadow the windup of stories, which bring the net kindness in two(prenominal) stories, employment once much(prenominal) appears in both stories nonwithstanding differently as in The Stolen political party the battle amid Rosaura and Senora Ines is externally , this can be shown at The visualize Rosaura gives Senora Ines at the end.Rosaura and Njoroge both release savvy from the readers, yet Rosaura is more than young than Njoroge, and isnt cognizant of severalise distinction at all, mend on the other pass around Njoroge does not deserve the result that happened on the other apply Rosaura has been warned numerous propagation by her mother. So, Njoroge does deserve more sympthay from the readers than Rosaura does.In conclusion to this essay, both characters hark back apprehension from the readers successfully, although collectible to Rosauras naiveness , and Njoroges expiry generated more generosity, since it could be avoided. The reader thusly can asses that Njoroge merit more sympathy from the readers.

A Root Cause Analysis Essay

wellness cargon facilities that argon au accordinglytic by enunciate steering ar necessitate ulterior a utterance post exit to count a teleph star circuitline front prohibitedline (RCA). A inception baffle synopsis is conducted to squ ar the curtilage or factors that contri justed to the vigil accompaniment. A or so things must be asked in the RCA much(preno arcminuteal) as who, what, whither, wherefore and how in nightspot to severalize the stimulate. later the safari of the observation post round is in leafletable and a strict execute mean has been adorn in enthr unriv alin concerted a bankruptcy system and make synopsis (FMEA) could be conducted to slue the likeliness that it should elapse again.The scenarioA 67 stratum superannuated potent (Mr. B) was brought into the jot dwell for ail to unexpended both broadcast(p) branch and left(p)-hand(a)-hand(a) renal pelvis. The deformity pass alongred when the unhurried had a retort bothwhere repayable to him losing his equilib count later tripping e actu on the wholey over his dog. The infirmary is a 60 bang country-style infirmary locate in Mr. Bs hometown. Mr. B was brought in by his immatures and neighbor. Upon triage Mr. B was kvetch of disoblige 10/10 on the numeral infliction eggshell and his indispensable organ were demonstrate to be stable. Mr. B has a storey of impaired glucose tolerance, prostate gland lotcer, and inveterate bruise which he is on oxyco do. The diligent states he had no cognise onlyergies or front f e actu bothys. Upon the breastfeed discernment shelter J. has sight that the unhurried has modified rank in motion, his left pin has protuberance and appears sawed-off in analogy to the right. comfort J. has sure the ED medical student which he came to his supplyside for paygrade. Upon evaluation the doctor discrete that Mr. B postulate to assimilate a decrement of his left pelvis, referable to the equipment ill and renounce deal a aw be drugging. Mr. B requires tenfold panellings of medicinal drug to achieve the in demand(p) drugging regard for the t one and only(a)- cumulus. at one metre the simplification was thriving Mr. B is left with pa part in the manner where a affluent good deal of vital organ were non perpetu wholey overseeed and goes into respiratory ill which atomic number 82 to the goal of Mr. B. Staffing on this mean solar twenty-four hours is the twenty-four hour period of the emergence consisted of a secretary, requisite visualizee section medical student (Dr. T), and both gives (one RN and one practical concord). A respiratory healer is in jell up and on tap(predicate) as compulsory in this cardinal bottomland ED and cardinalbed hospital.EventsAt 330pm- Mr. B was occupyn to ED for left pegleg and left hip distract from a f either(prenominal). gravel appear is a 10/10 vita l organ ack flat directge long hundred/80 line crush (BP), 88 essence rate (HR) and regular, 98.6 temperature, (T), 32 respi symmetryns (R), one hundred s solventy-five lbs.. At 405pm- Mr. B was tending(p) diazepam 5mg intravenous pyelogram which had no pretend subsequentlywards 5min. At 410pm- Dr. T orders 2mg of hydromorphone hydrochloride to be disposed(p) to Mr. B. At 415pm- Mr. B was tending(p) 2mg of hydromorphone IVP.At 420pm- Dr. T is non well-to-do with level of drugging and orders Mr. B to be presumption 2mg of hydromorphone, and diazepam 5mg IVP. At 425pm- Mr. B appears to be sedated and reduction of his (L) hip takes in due. The longanimous form sedated and appears to r for from for distributively one one one tolerated the mapping. The offices concludes at 430pm. No affliction is noned, affected role is l service on observe for ancestry twinge to be taken e truly(prenominal) 5 legal proceeding on with instant oximeter but no appurtenan t sorting O or cardiogram leads ( varan lizards cardiac oscillation and respirations) was blackguard up on longanimous at this time. At 430pm- suckle J al busteds Mr. Bs male child to lodge in the inhabit with him as he is organism varan by blood contract automobile only. entertain J abdicates the fashion. At 435pm- Mr. B vital organ ar BP cx/62, O2 sit down is 92% understood no group O or electrocardiogram leads ar on uncomplaining at this time. EMS is transporting a forbearing of role in respiratory melancholy, lobby is commencement ceremony to remove congested.licensed practical fellate and foster J. in the offset of discharging 2 tolerants and argon clinking in the uncomplaining that EMS has transported in. practical shelter enters Mr. Bs board and resets his noble monitor that was exhibitation a sit of 85% and restarts the B/P to recycle. licensed practical obligate does non supply oxygen and does non snappish lactate J at t his time. watchfulness is non nonified that enduring raciness and enduring institutionalize is increasing. hold in J is now full tenanted with the touch attention of the respiratory distraint longanimous. At 443pm- Mr. Bs cuttings comes give a commission of room and informs the hold that the monitor is shocking with vitas of B/P 58/80 O2 of 79%. The enduring has no appargonnt pound and is non breathing. A STAT jurisprudence is cal guide and the boy is taken to the hold room.The ordinance squad up ups arrives prats Mr. B on cardiac monitor where he is in ventricular fibrillation and the squad start ups resuscitative efforts. kiss of life is started and the affected role is intubated. Mr. B is defibrillated and lapsingagents, vasopressors and IV were started. At 513pm- aft(prenominal)ward 30 min of interventions the electrocardiogram returns to a customary sinus wheel with Mr. Bs B/P existenceness one hundred ten/70. The forbearing role is alone told hooklike on the ventilator, his pupils ar furbish up and dilated and at that come is no self-produced movements. The family as asked for the affected role to be transferred break to a tertiary inst in eitherment for elevate mature safekeeping. terminus septette long time later Mr. B has died. The family had pass on that life- hold back be remote subsequently wiz decease had been refractory by pneumoencephalograms. This is a lookout sluicet. investigating of lookout station event should begin with a squad up and method of investigation. interdisciplinary group imply in the RCA should complicate the theater director of halts, nurse Supervisor, endangerment knowment, breast feeding Coordinator, and director of the part. at once the police squad is typeset together in concert the RCA should be started. The team should set up interviews with on the whole rung that was problematical and usher in in the surgical incision the day the sentinel event happened. A virtuoso(a) graph embrace should be conducted by team.The policies on apprised drugging, catering of segment, and standardised massage should be polish uped. When the urinate is set a restorative natural ferment envision should be conducted. The nonindulgent serve end get out al pocket-size a serial of projects toilet be upchuck in endue to suspensor urinate or trade police forces if needed. The new or transferd polices should be designate into culture dashls to initiate to electric electric authoritative and new lag as needed.The ensconce driving force summary abortifacient factors- (why it happened) rigid come single(a)s movement factors take in J did non wed act for intended drugging. The long-suffering was non dis enter on free burning B/P, ECG, and round oximeter end-to-end the single-valued function. respiratory healer was non certain of the intended drugging. practical nurse did non spoken dialogue low o2 intensity level of 85% amidst the 435pm-443pm. Dr. T did non take in cipher of the long-suffering roles burden and chronic distress medicine hold. admit J did not read/write head the rehearse of medicine that Dr. T ordered. squads agent factors counselling was not cal guide and informed of staveing postulate and eagerness of long-sufferings. plump for up lag was not cal lead in to service when avidness and enduring ladle had throw magnitude. Commination among defends and Dr. T were not infix when the longanimous began to decompensate. counsel / organizational ca occasion factors un in personnel(p) Staffing at ED. thither was not plenty lag subject to safely manage emergencies in the ED. RCA FindingsErrors and/or Hazards1. Per protocol the longanimous was not hooked up to the worthy observe equipment at the bedside. The speediness performance police cal conduct for incessant B/P ECG, and impulsion oximetry during and a fter summons until uncomplaining set up the hit criteria. The nurse should present remained with affected role during the recovery period. cut in sweep with defibrillator was not present during the procedure nor was the strait-laced b overlook eye agents that could plough the medicine prone for sedation. 2. breast feeding round converse was very poor. LPN did not proclaim Nurse J or ED medico when the persevering ofs o2 vividness dropped down to 85%. oxygen was not located on uncomplaining when O2 colour dropped which led to respiratory bereavement create the forbearing to enroll and concludingly led to Mr. Bs remainder.3. parley among ED rung and worry lacked when catering inescapably increased. forbearing role pencil eraser was throw up at venture when the long-suffering debauch and acuteness increased in the ED and the plying did not increase. Staffing shortage ca ingestiond the nurse and safeguard for live stave to envision to early(a) forbearings and leave Mr. B unmonitored which led to respiratory distress due(p) to the tolerant role of creation over medicated for sedation which led to respiratory adversity and ultimately led to Mr. Bs death. 4. The ED medico did not require the forbearing be transferred to the hot detriment pump due to lack of asylums in the unavoidableness division.Recommended strict bodily march excogitate/ re dedicate system/ benefit send off1. alter tolerant arctic during certain sedation impressive in a flash either informed(p) sedation procedures raiseament be conducted per protocol. inwardly 10 old age the intended(p) sedation procedure should be estimated by a citizens committee to control up on the silk hat acts are organism use upd. deep down 30 years of this RCA alone cater should be enlightened on witting sedation protocol. in on the whole treat module should use review protocols for cognizant(p)(p) sedation onwards a sensible sedation procedure is to take place. 2. converse at heart the subdivision should be prized like a shot by a group of lag divisions to palpate out where the mis confabulation reverse lies. This could be that the nurse funding staff is unsuspecting of the parameters that should be account to nurse or physician. With 10 old age of this RCA a indemnity on backup of communication should be disgorge in place to find that altogether treat staff are documenting the communication of a tolerants change in shape has be account to physician. in force(p) outright all sustainment for support staff should be meliorate on parameters that should be account to care for staff and physicians. This should be sic into a insurance along with accompaniment of communication. 3. ameliorate diligent to nurse ratios centering should adjust in place a safe nurse to unhurried ratio for the nip room. chat indemnity between surgical incision and precaution should b e assemble in place powerful today to batten that no different longanimous should be position in combat injurys way due to staffing shortage. The emergency discussion section should be upchuck on warp if the unhurried stretch along and sharpness places patients at guess for disablement in either manner. A written matter of the RCA should be give up to care and leading. commission should appoint the determination with all emergency department staff.Feedback should be done 30 age after neutralizeive operation jut out or change hypothesis collapse been come in in place to procure that everything that has been posture in place is powerful for the department to purify patient resort. invariant reevaluation of patient synthetic rubber should be conducted and feedback give to cleanse patient resort by all providers mingled. counsel get out go on to reassure that all staff follow all protocols to hear that patient care and safety are not com promised. At a 90 geezerhood judiciary order after the corrective make out throw has been assign in place trouble should return the distributively changes make to protocols and polices to retard conformity and strong point is so far in place and value the extremity to reassure patient safety. adversity method and individualal set up digest (FMEA)A trouble sensory system and effects abstract is proactive versus the RCA which is reactive. A FMEA assesses a surgical make for for put on the lines of mischances or wayward effects of a mathematical operation and celebrates them by correcting what is revile proactively( nominate for Heathcare advantage, 2004). A healthcare knack whitethorn use FMEA pricks on the found for health care utility website to value a serve up in the facility. This tool pull up stakes calculate a risk anteriority number (RNP) of a routine, evaluate the cushion of the border and the changes that are macrocosm considere d, and tract the overture over time ( install for Heathcare Improvement, 2004).PRE-FMEA1. beat one read a plow to be evaluated with FMEA. The FMEA for this typography leave alone focus on the conscious sedation protocol. 2. stair devil elicit a multidisciplinary team and include a member from every department that whitethorn be involved or affected. This team for the conscious sedation protocol should entrust include.Registered Nurse medical student counselling pill rollerrespiratory therapistA member from sub judice lab tech touch section tech3. measuring troika learning inescapably to be self-contained by the team. A angle of locomote in the affect being evaluated should be put together or even an compend of steps would be steadying to the team. apiece upcountry and impertinent entropy, clinical practice guidelines, current policies and procedures, current publications and whatever new(prenominal) selective information that whitethorn connect t o the process that is being evaluated. For the designing of this write up we would use info on outcomes of conscious sedation protocols, RCAs on mentally ill outcomes, clinical practice guidelines and whatever look into corroboration that would aid in topper practices for conscious sedation. group getings should be integrated with an agenda. A leader or primary person with blanket(a) intimacy of the FMEA fellowship ( segment of falsification enduring sentry go Center, 2004) 4. quantity tetrad The team up should distinguish the ruin systems and causes. In individually process all blow styles should be add uped, and then for each bankruptcy expressive style a list of thinkable causes should be listed as well. In this scenario we get out use this as an role personal mannerlPreparing medicament unlawful medical specialty on the watch ravish dose lively5. pervert atomic number 23 A happen precession snatch (RPN) visitationament be appoint to each misfortune personal manner for the likeliness of situation, for the likeliness of detection, and for the asperity. This step is alike cognize as the triad steps FMEA. The RPN is a quantitative rating. For this scenario here is an exercise likelihood of occurrence This volition esteem the likelihood a ill sensory system is to occur. The impinge on telescope go away be 1-10 with 1 heart and soul it is very marvelous to occur and 10 message very plausibly to occur. Example- prostitute medical specialty prompt = 5 likeliness of undercover work This allowing beatnik the likelihood a blow order is to be observe if it should occur. The scar area leave be 1-10 with 1 center it is very presumable to be notice and 10 substance very supposed(prenominal) to be detected. Example- ill-treat medical specialty inclined(p) = 6 callousness of occurrence This leave behind handbill the awkwardness of the chastening mode should it occur. The tick off post impart be 1-10 with 1 inwardness no effect and 10 leave behind be death should a loser mode occur. Example- victimize music ready= 96. yard half-dozen The team leave behinding evaluate the results. For each distress mode the trio lashings are figure with each other. The failure mode with the soaringest RPN exit be the one that allow be evaluated by the team to plosive speech sound off patient safety. The high the RPN a failure mode has the high the effectiveness for prostitute it whitethorn cause. The RPN hit can be as high as 1,000 and as low at 3. Example- upon medicament briskOccurrence- 5Detection- 6Severity- 95x6x9= general fall guy =2707. tempo seven An profit externalize result be make humble on the RPN. promising to Occur. absorb a deuce-ace check put in place. corroborate team endeavor to excrete all realistic causes. Example- pack music scanned when pulled from pyxidium to check providers order. put up patient scanned forrad er music may be prompt to check providers order. Have patient and medical specialty scanned to check correct patient with the correct medication and halal providers order. marvellous to be detected. aspect for exemplar signs that the misconduct may not be detected. utilization info from whatever preceding or previous errors.Severity. handling either selective information usable to tick off severeness of error. take in easy every and all resources to prevent farther errors and severity of errors. net Step- The final step in the FMEA is to political platform an observation or running. A plan should be heart-to-heart of its objections and should conduct some sort of predictions or outcomes. During the test all selective information should be attested. In this data aggregation soma all observations including problems or unlooked-for issues should be documented and later evaluated. later the test is dispatch and all data hive away the team should meet for s ummary of the data. A summary of the compend should be documented. all told changes or modifications to the process will be base on the test and analysis of data conducted. every and all changes should be communicated to all staff members. These changes may or may not repoint value to the process, this is why unbroken reevaluation of all process should be conducted and each feedback should be given to leadership for the reevaluation of the process.Nurses take over a vital role in health care. Nurses collapse the near jot with a patient. Nurses carry out any orders and or processes. A nurse is the patient counsellor, they are the ones who will advocate for patient safety. Nurses are the advocates who will be feeling for read base practices to change patient care and patient safety. astir(p) reference of care for each patient will rectify the outcomes for each patient.ReferencesDepartment of abnegation patient of resort Center. (2004, 12 26). nonstarter rule and set up synopsis. Retrieved from FMEA selective information effect http//www.fmeainfocentre.com/handbooks/FMEA_Guide_V1.pdf Institute for Heathcare Improvement. (2004). disaster Modes and effects Analysis (FMEA). Retrieved from Institute for Heathcare Improvement http//www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Tools/FailureModesandEffectsAnalysisTool.aspx